Java高并发专题之30、JUC中的CompletableFuture

目录

CompletableFuture是java8中新增的一个类,算是对Future的一种增强,用起来很方便,也是会经常用到的一个工具类,熟悉一下。

CompletionStage接口

  • CompletionStage代表异步计算过程中的某一个阶段,一个阶段完成以后可能会触发另外一个阶段
  • 一个阶段的计算执行可以是一个Function,Consumer或者Runnable。比如:stage.thenApply(x -> square(x)).thenAccept(x -> System.out.print(x)).thenRun(() -> System.out.println())
  • 一个阶段的执行可能是被单个阶段的完成触发,也可能是由多个阶段一起触发

CompletableFuture类

  • 在Java8中,CompletableFuture提供了非常强大的Future的扩展功能,可以帮助我们简化异步编程的复杂性,并且提供了函数式编程的能力,可以通过回调的方式处理计算结果,也提供了转换和组合 CompletableFuture 的方法。
  • 它可能代表一个明确完成的Future,也有可能代表一个完成阶段( CompletionStage ),它支持在计算完成以后触发一些函数或执行某些动作。
  • 它实现了Future和CompletionStage接口

常见的方法,熟悉一下:

runAsync 和 supplyAsync方法

CompletableFuture 提供了四个静态方法来创建一个异步操作。

  1. public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)
  2. public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)
  3. public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)
  4. public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)

没有指定Executor的方法会使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool() 作为它的线程池执行异步代码。如果指定线程池,则使用指定的线程池运行。以下所有的方法都类同。

  • runAsync方法不支持返回值。
  • supplyAsync可以支持返回值。

示例代码

  1. //无返回值
  2. public static void runAsync() throws Exception {
  3. CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
  4. try {
  5. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
  6. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  7. }
  8. System.out.println(run end ...);
  9. });
  10. future.get();
  11. }
  12. //有返回值
  13. public static void supplyAsync() throws Exception {
  14. CompletableFuture<Long> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
  15. try {
  16. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
  17. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  18. }
  19. System.out.println(run end ...);
  20. return System.currentTimeMillis();
  21. });
  22. long time = future.get();
  23. System.out.println(time = +time);
  24. }

计算结果完成时的回调方法

当CompletableFuture的计算结果完成,或者抛出异常的时候,可以执行特定的Action。主要是下面的方法:

  1. public CompletableFuture<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
  2. public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
  3. public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action, Executor executor)
  4. public CompletableFuture<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn)

可以看到Action的类型是BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable>它可以处理正常的计算结果,或者异常情况。

whenComplete 和 whenCompleteAsync 的区别:

  • whenComplete:是执行当前任务的线程执行继续执行 whenComplete 的任务。
  • whenCompleteAsync:是执行把 whenCompleteAsync 这个任务继续提交给线程池来进行执行。

示例代码

  1. public static void whenComplete() throws Exception {
  2. CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
  3. try {
  4. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
  5. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  6. }
  7. if(new Random().nextInt()%2>=0) {
  8. int i = 12/0;
  9. }
  10. System.out.println(run end ...);
  11. });
  12. future.whenComplete(new BiConsumer<Void, Throwable>() {
  13. @Override
  14. public void accept(Void t, Throwable action) {
  15. System.out.println(执行完成!);
  16. }
  17. });
  18. future.exceptionally(new Function<Throwable, Void>() {
  19. @Override
  20. public Void apply(Throwable t) {
  21. System.out.println(执行失败!+t.getMessage());
  22. return null;
  23. }
  24. });
  25. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
  26. }

thenApply 方法

当一个线程依赖另一个线程时,可以使用 thenApply 方法来把这两个线程串行化。

  1. public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
  2. public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
  3. public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)

Function<? super T,? extends U>
T:上一个任务返回结果的类型
U:当前任务的返回值类型

示例代码

  1. private static void thenApply() throws Exception {
  2. CompletableFuture<Long> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Long>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Long get() {
  5. long result = new Random().nextInt(100);
  6. System.out.println(result1=+result);
  7. return result;
  8. }
  9. }).thenApply(new Function<Long, Long>() {
  10. @Override
  11. public Long apply(Long t) {
  12. long result = t*5;
  13. System.out.println(result2=+result);
  14. return result;
  15. }
  16. });
  17. long result = future.get();
  18. System.out.println(result);
  19. }

第二个任务依赖第一个任务的结果。

handle 方法

handle 是执行任务完成时对结果的处理。
handle 方法和 thenApply 方法处理方式基本一样。不同的是 handle 是在任务完成后再执行,还可以处理异常的任务。thenApply 只可以执行正常的任务,任务出现异常则不执行 thenApply 方法。

  1. public <U> CompletionStage<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
  2. public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
  3. public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn,Executor executor);

示例代码

  1. public static void handle() throws Exception{
  2. CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Integer get() {
  5. int i= 10/0;
  6. return new Random().nextInt(10);
  7. }
  8. }).handle(new BiFunction<Integer, Throwable, Integer>() {
  9. @Override
  10. public Integer apply(Integer param, Throwable throwable) {
  11. int result = -1;
  12. if(throwable==null){
  13. result = param * 2;
  14. }else{
  15. System.out.println(throwable.getMessage());
  16. }
  17. return result;
  18. }
  19. });
  20. System.out.println(future.get());
  21. }

从示例中可以看出,在 handle 中可以根据任务是否有异常来进行做相应的后续处理操作。而 thenApply 方法,如果上个任务出现错误,则不会执行 thenApply 方法。

thenAccept 消费处理结果

接收任务的处理结果,并消费处理,无返回结果。

  1. public CompletionStage<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action);
  2. public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action);
  3. public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);

示例代码

  1. public static void thenAccept() throws Exception{
  2. CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Integer get() {
  5. return new Random().nextInt(10);
  6. }
  7. }).thenAccept(integer -> {
  8. System.out.println(integer);
  9. });
  10. future.get();
  11. }

从示例代码中可以看出,该方法只是消费执行完成的任务,并可以根据上面的任务返回的结果进行处理。并没有后续的输错操作。

thenRun 方法

跟 thenAccept 方法不一样的是,不关心任务的处理结果。只要上面的任务执行完成,就开始执行 thenAccept 。

  1. public CompletionStage<Void> thenRun(Runnable action);
  2. public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action);
  3. public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action,Executor executor);

示例代码

  1. public static void thenRun() throws Exception{
  2. CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Integer get() {
  5. return new Random().nextInt(10);
  6. }
  7. }).thenRun(() -> {
  8. System.out.println(thenRun ...);
  9. });
  10. future.get();
  11. }

该方法同 thenAccept 方法类似。不同的是上个任务处理完成后,并不会把计算的结果传给 thenRun 方法。只是处理玩任务后,执行 thenAccept 的后续操作。

thenCombine 合并任务

thenCombine 会把 两个 CompletionStage 的任务都执行完成后,把两个任务的结果一块交给 thenCombine 来处理。

  1. public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
  2. public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
  3. public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn,Executor executor);

示例代码

  1. private static void thenCombine() throws Exception {
  2. CompletableFuture<String> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<String>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public String get() {
  5. return hello;
  6. }
  7. });
  8. CompletableFuture<String> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<String>() {
  9. @Override
  10. public String get() {
  11. return hello;
  12. }
  13. });
  14. CompletableFuture<String> result = future1.thenCombine(future2, new BiFunction<String, String, String>() {
  15. @Override
  16. public String apply(String t, String u) {
  17. return t+ +u;
  18. }
  19. });
  20. System.out.println(result.get());
  21. }

thenAcceptBoth

当两个CompletionStage都执行完成后,把结果一块交给thenAcceptBoth来进行消耗

  1. public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
  2. public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
  3. public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action, Executor executor);

示例代码

  1. private static void thenAcceptBoth() throws Exception {
  2. CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Integer get() {
  5. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  6. try {
  7. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  8. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  9. e.printStackTrace();
  10. }
  11. System.out.println(f1=+t);
  12. return t;
  13. }
  14. });
  15. CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  16. @Override
  17. public Integer get() {
  18. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  19. try {
  20. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  21. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  22. e.printStackTrace();
  23. }
  24. System.out.println(f2=+t);
  25. return t;
  26. }
  27. });
  28. f1.thenAcceptBoth(f2, new BiConsumer<Integer, Integer>() {
  29. @Override
  30. public void accept(Integer t, Integer u) {
  31. System.out.println(f1=+t+;f2=+u+;);
  32. }
  33. });
  34. }

applyToEither 方法

两个CompletionStage,谁执行返回的结果快,我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的转化操作。

  1. public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
  2. public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
  3. public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn,Executor executor);

示例代码

  1. private static void applyToEither() throws Exception {
  2. CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Integer get() {
  5. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  6. try {
  7. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  8. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  9. e.printStackTrace();
  10. }
  11. System.out.println(f1=+t);
  12. return t;
  13. }
  14. });
  15. CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  16. @Override
  17. public Integer get() {
  18. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  19. try {
  20. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  21. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  22. e.printStackTrace();
  23. }
  24. System.out.println(f2=+t);
  25. return t;
  26. }
  27. });
  28. CompletableFuture<Integer> result = f1.applyToEither(f2, new Function<Integer, Integer>() {
  29. @Override
  30. public Integer apply(Integer t) {
  31. System.out.println(t);
  32. return t * 2;
  33. }
  34. });
  35. System.out.println(result.get());
  36. }

acceptEither 方法

两个CompletionStage,谁执行返回的结果快,我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的消耗操作。

  1. public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
  2. public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
  3. public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);

示例代码

  1. private static void acceptEither() throws Exception {
  2. CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Integer get() {
  5. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  6. try {
  7. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  8. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  9. e.printStackTrace();
  10. }
  11. System.out.println(f1=+t);
  12. return t;
  13. }
  14. });
  15. CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  16. @Override
  17. public Integer get() {
  18. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  19. try {
  20. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  21. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  22. e.printStackTrace();
  23. }
  24. System.out.println(f2=+t);
  25. return t;
  26. }
  27. });
  28. f1.acceptEither(f2, new Consumer<Integer>() {
  29. @Override
  30. public void accept(Integer t) {
  31. System.out.println(t);
  32. }
  33. });
  34. }

runAfterEither 方法

两个CompletionStage,任何一个完成了都会执行下一步的操作(Runnable)

  1. public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
  2. public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
  3. public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);

示例代码

  1. private static void runAfterEither() throws Exception {
  2. CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Integer get() {
  5. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  6. try {
  7. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  8. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  9. e.printStackTrace();
  10. }
  11. System.out.println(f1=+t);
  12. return t;
  13. }
  14. });
  15. CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  16. @Override
  17. public Integer get() {
  18. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  19. try {
  20. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  21. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  22. e.printStackTrace();
  23. }
  24. System.out.println(f2=+t);
  25. return t;
  26. }
  27. });
  28. f1.runAfterEither(f2, new Runnable() {
  29. @Override
  30. public void run() {
  31. System.out.println(上面有一个已经完成了。);
  32. }
  33. });
  34. }

runAfterBoth

两个CompletionStage,都完成了计算才会执行下一步的操作(Runnable)

  1. public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
  2. public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
  3. public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);

示例代码

  1. private static void runAfterBoth() throws Exception {
  2. CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Integer get() {
  5. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  6. try {
  7. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  8. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  9. e.printStackTrace();
  10. }
  11. System.out.println(f1=+t);
  12. return t;
  13. }
  14. });
  15. CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  16. @Override
  17. public Integer get() {
  18. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  19. try {
  20. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
  21. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
  22. e.printStackTrace();
  23. }
  24. System.out.println(f2=+t);
  25. return t;
  26. }
  27. });
  28. f1.runAfterBoth(f2, new Runnable() {
  29. @Override
  30. public void run() {
  31. System.out.println(上面两个任务都执行完成了。);
  32. }
  33. });
  34. }

thenCompose 方法

thenCompose 方法允许你对两个 CompletionStage 进行流水线操作,第一个操作完成时,将其结果作为参数传递给第二个操作。

  1. public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenCompose(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn);
  2. public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn) ;
  3. public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn, Executor executor) ;

示例代码

  1. private static void thenCompose() throws Exception {
  2. CompletableFuture<Integer> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  3. @Override
  4. public Integer get() {
  5. int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
  6. System.out.println(t1=+t);
  7. return t;
  8. }
  9. }).thenCompose(new Function<Integer, CompletionStage<Integer>>() {
  10. @Override
  11. public CompletionStage<Integer> apply(Integer param) {
  12. return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
  13. @Override
  14. public Integer get() {
  15. int t = param *2;
  16. System.out.println(t2=+t);
  17. return t;
  18. }
  19. });
  20. }
  21. });
  22. System.out.println(thenCompose result : +f.get());
  23. }
来源:http://itsoku.com/course/1/30